Spectroscopy of Hafnium Monohalides

The modern intracavity laser method has been applied to study electronic spectra of the hafnium monohalides molecules. Results of new investigation of HfF and HfBr molecules are presented: the bands at 589.3, 590.6, and 593.1 nm observed in intracavity laser spectra of HfF₄ have been assigned to the bands of HfF or ionized HfF; new molecular constants of the HfBr molecule have been obtained. Spectroscopic studies of HfCl and Hfl molecules are discussed, and the most reliable molecular constants of HfCl, HfBr, and Hfl molecules are recommended.     

Synthesis of New Ferrocenyl‐Substituted Aziridines via the Gabriel–Cromwell Reaction

Abstract

The Gabriel–Cromwell method is applied successfully in the synthesis of ferrocenyl‐substituted aziridines. Acryloyl‐ and crotonoylferrocenes are brominated first and then reacted with benzylamine, diisopropylamine, and furfurylamine in the presence of triethylamine. The aziridines are obtained in more than 90% isolated yields.     

Bifurcation Instability of sheet metal during spring-back

In automotive and home appliance industries, there are many complex-shaped sheet metal components which need to be fabricated in multiple stamping operations. For example, the manufacturing of an outer case of washing machine consists of stamping followed by a bending operation. After the first stage of the stamping process, a large amount of spring-back takes place, and therefore, it is difficult to proceed to the next stage of the bending process. In the stamping process of that kind of sheet component with low geometric constraint, the forming area is large compared to the forming depth. Therefore, the formed part is in an unstable state and is less geometrically constrained, which causes a large amount of spring-back. To investigate this phenomenon, finite element analyses are carried out. During a spring-back analysis after forming, bifurcation takes place and the finite element solution procedure using the Newton–Raphson scheme becomes unstable. To get a stable post-bifurcation solution, a bifurcation algorithm is introduced at the bifurcation point. The deformed shapes obtained from finite element analyses are in good agreement with the experimental data. From this study, it is shown that the bifurcation behaviour enlarges the spring-back and the degree of dimensional error. To obtain additional possible post-bifurcation solutions, non-bifurcation analyses using initial guesses obtained in a modal analysis are carried. For the initial guesses, lowed four eigenmodes are utilized. Finally, the post-bifurcation behaviour and spring-back amount are investigated for various process parameters including the forming depth, punch width and corner radius.     

Determination of trapping–detrapping events,recombination processes and gap-state parameters by modulated photocurrent measurements on amorphous silicon

Analysis of the out-of-phase modulated photocurrent (MPC) signal, the so-called Y signal, is proposed for determining the trapping–detrapping events, recombination processes and gap-state parameters in amorphous silicon. This is demonstrated by analysing experimental Y spectra obtained on this material from different laboratories including our own. Model simulations are also employed in which the amphoteric nature of the dangling bonds and their distribution according to the defect-pool model are taken into account. From the reconstruction of the Y signal, phase shift and MPC amplitude spectra, several contributions resolved from the frequency dependence of the experimental Y spectra are identified. Two electron trapping–detrapping processes are resolved. These are attributed to hydrogen-related positive defects and to transitions involving the D^+/0 level of the normal dangling bonds from the defect-pool distribution. At lower frequencies a residual contribution is resolved that is attributed to a term related to recombination through the D^+/0 and D^0/? levels. Between 300 and 150?K the above recombination contribution is essentially from the D^0/? and dominates the Y signal at lower frequencies. In this region a characteristic phase lead appears, which is attributed to the existence of safe hole traps in the valence band tail. Around 150?K, trapping–detrapping events in the conduction band tail dominate.     

Optimization of Pretreatment Method for Alkylmercuries Speciation in Coal by High‐Performance Liquid Chromatography Coupled with UV‐Digestion Cold Vapor Atomic Fluorescence Spectrometry

Abstract

Exhaustive extraction of analytes in their original chemical forms from samples with complex matrices is a pivotal step for speciation analysis. Herein we propose a pretreatment method for extracting and preconcentrating methylmercury and ethylmercury from coal samples by using KBr–H₂SO₄/CuSO₄–C₆H₅CH₃–Na₂S₂O₃ system. The extraction conditions, including the volume of the organic phase and the extraction time, were optimized in detail. Speciation analysis of alkylmercuries was carried out by high‐performance liquid chromatography online coupled with UV‐digestion and cold vapor atomic fluorescence spectrometry. The detection limits were 0.6 ng mL^?1 for methylmercury and 1 ng mL^?1 for ethylmercury, respectively. The recoveries of methylmercury and ethylmercury spiked in a sample were 84% and 82%, respectively. The method was applied successfully to analysis of alkylmercuries in four coal samples collected from northeast China.     

Convergence of mann iteration processes for nonexpansive operators in equi-connected metric spaces

The paper deals with various conditions implying the convergence of a Mann type iteration process constructed for a non-expansive operator in an equi-connected space (i. e. metric space equipped with a connecting function; so the iterates are taken along certain curves). Coefficients of the iterates do not have to be separated from 0 or 1. 1].     

A new design of the elimination and choice translating reality method for multi-criteria group decision-making in an intuitionistic fuzzy environment

The purpose of this paper is to design a new extension of the ELECTRE, known as the elimination and choice translating reality method, for multi-criteria group decision-making problems based on intuitionistic fuzzy sets. This method is widely utilized when a set of alternatives should be identified and evaluated with respect to a set of conflicting criteria by reflecting decision makers’ (DMs’) preferences. However, handling the exact data and numerical measure is difficult to be precisely focused because the DMs’ judgments are often vague in real-life decision problems and applications. A more realistic and practical approach can be to use linguistic variables expressed in intuitionistic fuzzy numbers instead of numerical data to model DMs’ judgments and to describe the inputs in the ELECTRE method. The proposed intuitionsitic fuzzy ELECTRE utilizes the truth-membership function and non-truth-membership function to indicate the degrees of satisfiability and non-satisfiability of each alternative with respect to each criterion and the relative importance of each criterion, respectively. Then, a new discordance intuitionistic index is introduced, which is extended from the concept of the fuzzy distance measure. Outranking relations are defined by pairwise comparisons and a decision graph is depicted to determine which alternative is preferable, incomparable or indifferent in the intuitionistic fuzzy environment. Finally, a comprehensive sensitivity analysis is employed to further study regarding the impact of threshold values on the final evaluation, and a comparative analysis is demonstrated with an application example in flexible manufacturing systems between the proposed ELECTRE method and the existing intuitionistic fuzzy technique for order preference by similarity to ideal solution (IF-TOPSIS) method.     

固体热导率测量仪的新发现

实验通过稳态法使用TC-3型固体热导率测定仪[1,9]的测量方法改变来测量海洋大气热导率,结构简单,误差更小,一机多用.通过改变加热铜盘A与散热铜盘B之间的距离,探究距离对大气热导率的影响,并与教材中介绍的气体热导率测定仪测量的大气热导率进行比较.     

Modified null field method for P- and SV-wave scattering from a partially debonded fiber

The modified null field approach to elastic P- and SV-wave scattering (in plane strain) from a partially debonded fiber has been developed. The debonded region on the fiber surface is subjected to traction free boundary conditions, whereas the fiber is assumed to be in welded contact with the host medium elsewhere. Additional null field equations for an elliptical extension of the actual surface of the scatterer are introduced which require additional expansions for the field in the region between the extended mathematical boundary and the actual boundary of the scatterer. The numerical accuracy of the modified null field method has been tested for the case of a perfectly bonded fiber for P- and SV-wave incidence. Scattering cross-section plots are presented for different degrees of debonding.